四、要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：
Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance.
×在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。
我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。
Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5.
×凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款5镑。
杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款5镑。
At the sight of Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels together.
×年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。
年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。

五、遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：
If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised.
如果把重物举到一定高度，一定要做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体重量乘以物体举起的高度。
Sony’s $3.4 billion deal for Columbia Pictures marks Japan’s biggest U.S. takeover ever — and adds to fears that it is “buying America” and taking an invincible lead in trade and technology.
索尼公司用34亿美元买下了哥抡比亚电影公司，这是迄今为止日本对美国一笔金额最大的收购，而且使人们更加担心日本正在“收购美国”，正在贸易和技术方面不可阻挡地发挥着主导作用。
The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨4,500公里。北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥和墨西哥弯毗邻。
Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting.
选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站里圈出被选举人，别人无法知道哪一位公民投了谁的票。
That the vitamin is sensitive to light was recognized only later.
×维生素感光只是后来承认的。
人们只是到后来才认识到维生素的光敏作用。

六、要善于运用各种翻译技巧：
A change in the operating frequency is easily accomplished by operating a switch installed on a monitoring alarm.
操作监视告警器上的开关，工作频率就会自然产生变化。

上节翻译答案参考：

1.他想轰轰烈烈地大干一场。
2.他星期日晚上到了，风尘仆仆，精疲力竭，
3.这种婚姻关系的特点是冲突不断、关系紧张、怨恨不已。
4.该民族的历史传统、民族本能和民众爱好都使其与德国势不两立。
5.教育同时意味着培养智能和拓展视野的过程和结果。
6.朋友们相聚无所事事的时候会闲谈，陌生人见面为打破沉寂的时候也会闲谈。
7.初级商品对于大多数发展中国家都是关系到就业收入、生活水平和政府发展费用的决定性因素。
8.按照这一道德戒律，我们应规避克隆人的做法，因为这种做法必然会造成把人作为他人达到目的的手段，把人看作一个个所爱之人的复制品，或者看作一组组的人体器官，而不是看作一个个具有独立人格的人。

三、要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势：
Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.
×无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。
想吃什么，只要告诉我。
Even if you go there, there wouldn’t be any result.
×即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。
你去了也是白去。
I grieve to leave Thornfield: I love Thornfield — I love it, because I have lived in it a full and delightful life — momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. I have nor been burned with inferior minds, and excluded from every glimpse of communion with what is bright and energetic and high. I have talked, face to face with what I reverence, with what I delight in — with an original, a vigorous, an expanded mind. I have known you, Mr. Rochester; and it strikes me with terror and anguish to feel I absolutely must be torn from you for ever. I see the necessity of departure; and it is like looking on the necessity of death.
离开桑菲尔德，我黯然神伤：我爱此地－－因为此地曾有过一段充实愉悦的日子－－至少曾短时间有过。我没有遭人践踏，没有变得麻木，没有埋没于小人堆里，没有脱离过明媚灿烂、生机勃勃、高尚脱俗的一切，始终与之息息相通。在此曾经与一位十分崇敬、乐意与之交谈的人－－一位思想独创、精力充沛、心胸开阔的人－－直面倾谈。罗切斯特先生，与你相识了，却又一定要与你永远分离，想到此处令我既感恐惧又觉痛楚，犹如面对必将来临的死亡。
Wounded as he was, it was wonderful how fast he could move, his grizzled hair tumbling over his face, and his face itself red with his haste and fury. 
他虽然受了伤， 动作却快得出奇，斑白的头发披散在脸前，脸也因气急败坏而涨得通红。
As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition.
因为凯撒爱我，我为他哭泣；因为他幸运，我为他高兴；因为他英勇，我对他尊崇；但因为他有野心，我就刺杀了他。用眼泪汇报他的爱；用欢乐庆祝他的幸运；用尊崇纪念他的英勇；而用刺杀制止他的野心。
A big nation has its problems while a small nation has its advantages.
大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。
Foreign intervention will thus find justification.
×外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。
外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。
He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes were dim.
×他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。
他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。
He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries.
×他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。
他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。
Gathering facts, confirming then, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings — this is all the work of science.
×收集资料，对它们进行论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加上对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是全部的科学工作。
收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的全部内容。

III、翻译练习：

1.He intends to take an action in grand style.
2.He arrived on Sunday night, tired and dusty.
3.This type of marriage is characterized by constant conflict, tension, and bitterness.
4.The nation’s tradition, its instincts, and its interest make it opposed to Germany.
5.Education suggests both the process and the result of developing the mind’s capacity and scope.
6.Small talk is what friends make when standing around doing nothing. Small talk serves as a good ice breaker when people do not know each other.
7.Primary commodities constitute the determining factor of employment, income, living standards and government development expenditure in the vast majority of developing countries.
8.Under the moral precept we should recoil at human cloning, because it inevitably entails using humans as means to other humans’ ends — valuing them as copies of others we loved or as collections of body parts, not as individuals in their own right.

Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted.
×拂晓已降临岛上，灰色的柔光，许多云彩，景色美极了。这里有透明的光线，它是不能描写也不能画出来的。
曙色中的海岛美极了，晨光熹微，彩云片片，澄彻的光影无法形容，无法描画。
Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need.
×将需要水土保持与畜牧业生产不断的技术进步以适应这种日益增长的需求。
为了适应这种日益增长的需求，水土保持与畜牧生产的技术需要不断进步。

一、要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
×对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.
×事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
Perhaps, after all, there was no enigma（费解的事物，谜团）about him, except in the minds of lesser men who found it hard to conceive such tenacity of purpose.
也许他身上毕竟没有什么不可思议的东西。所谓不可思议，只是那些不如他的人对他那种坚韧不拔的意志感到不可思议而已。
It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。

二、要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：

Like my friend, I now have an alternative to complaining. When I’m bored with my life, I take my pencils out in the back yard and doodle for an hour, trying to sketch trees that look like trees.
×就像我的朋友一样，我现在有了一种代替抱怨的东西。当我对生活感到厌倦时，我就拿出铅笔到后院去心不在焉地乱涂一个小时，试图画出看上去像树的树木速写。
同有位朋友一样，我现在不再抱怨，而是去做一些别的事情。在生活中感到厌倦时，我就拿起铅笔，到后院里随便涂鸦个把小时，画画树林的速写，尽量画得看上去像是树林。
His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.
×他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
But this arms race strained the government’s principles as well as its budgets.
但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。

英汉翻译知识第三篇：怎样理解原文 练习与答案
1.If anyone has the right to hope he can solve what to most physicists would seem unsolvable, he has.
2.By taking thought, men can move mountains — and have.He had retired to private prayer in his chamber.
3.Senate Majority Leader George Mitchel hit the ceiling, as did most other Democrats, who immediately declared themselves allergic to taxes.
4.Two of the largest and most powerful nations of the world have since 1950 lived in isolated ignorance of one another and mutual fear and hate.
5.At the meeting, Johnson was very critical of Smith’s record, but she was able to blunt his attack by showing that he had a private grievance against her.
6.Along with strong incentive and education systems, third-wave companies maintain an openness to outside ideas and a tolerance for failure that help to keep innovative thinking alive.
7.When he dined with his sister that evening, Madeline helped herself to a cigarette from his pack on the table, and lit and smoke it inexpertly. Her defiant, self-satisfied, somewhat pathetic air made Warren laugh.

短文翻译

Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.   

While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman.   

Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.   

Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.  
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.   

Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine” qualities required.   

This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. The were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.    

The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.  (332 words)   

人们始终认为美丽是值得称赞的。几乎人人都以为漂亮的人会比别人幸福健康，婚姻美满，职业高尚。个人事务咨询员会给他们提供更好的求职建议，甚至法官对漂亮的被告态度也会格外温和。然而，在主管人员中，美丽可成为一种不利因素。
漂亮对于步步高攀想当主管的男子是一种积极因素，但对于女子却反而有害。  
人们认为英俊的男主管比外貌平平者更有诚信，认为努力和能力是他们成功的原因。   
人们以为漂亮的女主管比不漂亮者缺乏诚信，她们的成功不是由于能力，而是由于运气之类的因素。   
人们觉得所有不漂亮的女主管比漂亮的女主管更有诚信，更有能力。然而，耐人寻味的是，与一夜之间获得成功的漂亮人士相比，人们认为一夜之间获得成功的不漂亮人士更多地是由于人际关系，而不是由于能力。 
为什么会认为漂亮女子没有能力呢？人们认为，与不漂亮者相比，漂亮女子更具有女性特点，而漂亮男子则更具有男性特点。所以，漂亮女子从事女子从事的传统职业时就具有优势，而漂亮女子从事男子从事的传统职业时看来则缺乏所需的“男性”特点。  
这种情况甚至在政治界也一样。安·波门最近发表了一份关于外貌漂亮对政治候选人的影响的研究报告，她说：“当人们看待某人的唯一依据只有外貌时，她们对男子和女子的态度是不一样的。”她要求125名大学本科学生把两组照片按照漂亮的顺序进行排队，一组是男子，一组是女子。她告诉学生这些都是一些政治职位竞选人的照片，再要求她们把照片按照他们打算投票的顺序进行排队。  
结果表明，漂亮男子完全击败了漂亮女子，但被排在最漂亮之列的那几名女子一律获得的票数最少。

六、要理解词语不同用法时的不同含义：
They were distressful memories to her.
×它们都是她感到悲伤的回忆。
这些都是勾起她痛苦回忆的往事，
Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the “tigers” of the Far East.
×任何认为全球金融市场未必能左右国民经济的人，只须环视一下笼罩着远东“四小龙”的那场金融危机。
无论是谁，如果认为世界各国金融市场未必能控制各国经济，只须看一看远东地区的“四小龙”所面临的这场金融危机就明白了。
Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly.
关注事态的农民们在山地上修造梯田，实行轮作，并采用新法耕作以大幅度减少土壤流失。

七、要注意省略和替代部分的理解：
“Has he sold his collection yet?”  “He has some of the paintings; I’m not sure about the rest.”
ד他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “他有一些画，其他的我说不准。”
 “他的藏画全都卖了吗？” “有一部分画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。”
In other words there is at work in the language of a man, or of an age even, a constant principle of selection.
换句话说，不仅一个人的语言，甚至于一个时代的语言，都不断受到淘汰原理的影响。
A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.
我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍子只有一头一样。
We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it’s more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.
我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是，我们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。
You have acted as if you do; but I don’t think you do.
你装出好象很喜欢我的样子，可我觉得你并不喜欢我。

四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：
While many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.
×虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人的关系中表达感情。
许多女人亲密相处互吐隐秘感到心安理得，而男人要对其他男人表露感情却非易事。
On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.
×在那次大醉时，我老考虑是不是喜欢你，搞得我无法忍受，希望你忘了它。
那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，希望你忘了它吧。
I felt uncomfortable in the suit I had dredged up to wear.
×穿着那套已经弄干净的衣服，我只觉得浑身不自在。
穿着那套费了好大功夫才找出来的衣服，我觉得浑身不自在。
The school bully threatened Martin with a thick ear.
×学校的小霸王打了马丁一个耳光以此作为威胁。
学校的小霸王扬言要打马丁的耳光。
The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence.
×计算机将可能使人类熟练掌握技术产生惊人的飞跃，他推倒了理论和实践之间的隔墙。
计算机使人类的能力有可能发生巨大的飞跃；它拓展了人类从事实践工作甚至理论工作的智慧。

五、要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：
Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were shipped from Shanghai to New York. They were products of the city’s first joint venture. Owing to a storm at sea, some of the cargo got stained by seawater. However, the goods duly arrived yesterday.
有50箱羊毛衫从上海发往纽约。这些羊毛衫是上海首家合资企业的产品。由于海上遇到风暴，其中一部分遭到海水污损，但这批货物已于昨天按时运抵。
“Heaven bless you, my child,” said she, embracing Amelia, and scowling the while over the girl’s shoulder at Miss Sharp. “Come away, Becky,” said Miss Jemima, pulling the young woman away in great alarm.
×她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从女孩的肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着年轻女子出来，口里说：“来吧，贝基。”
她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从爱米丽亚肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着夏泼小姐出来，口里说：“走吧，小姐。”
I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.
×我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的受害者扑了过去。
我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。