本节巩固练习：

Watching them hop on the presidential merry-go-round again makes you wonder what makes them run. After all, they didn’t have a very merry ride the last time — but the older they get, the harder they try.  
One explanation is that presidential ambition is an addiction as powerful as sex or booze. Once they have gone through all those howling halls, with their banners and adoring supporters — their pictures on the front page and on the evening TV news — they dream about it in the night.   
Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing. Somehow they forget all the agony — the demeaning scramble for money, the vicious charges of their opponents, the unfeeling and often frivolous criticism of the press, and the endless plane and bus rides, the stumbling into bed and wondering how they can get through it all again next day.
What they remember is not the final thump of defeat, but the might-have-beens, the fleeting glory and the accidents of politics.
Many run for the presidency who shouldn’t, and many others don’t run who should. What they do or don’t do usually depends on events beyond their control. But there are probably other reasons why they run or don’t run, one of which is that sometimes they listen to their wives. Even in these days, when divorce is so easy and family ties are supposed to be weak, it would probably be a mistake to underestimate the influence of families on presidential politics. Many qualified and attractive candidates don’t come forward simply because they put their private lives ahead of their ambitions, and don’t want to put themselves and their families through the savage political process.  

参考译文：

看着那些人跳上了总统竞选的欢乐转木马，人们不禁又要问：究竟是什么原因促使他们前来竞选的。毕竟前一次骑欢乐转木马骑得并不怎么欢乐－－可是他们偏偏年龄越大，想试的劲头也越大。  
一种解释是觊觎总统宝座会让人上瘾，且瘾头之大不亚于酒色。那彩旗缤纷、众人追随、呼声雷动的大厅，那报纸头版、晚间电视新闻上的相片－－他们一旦领略了这一切，就会夜里梦寐以求。 
记忆是有选择的。随着时光流逝，他们的一切苦恼总会忘却－－为筹集资金不顾廉耻的你争我夺、竞选对手的恶言相向，报纸上吹毛求疵的无情批评、还有无休无止的飞机汽车来回奔波，到了晚上跌跌撞撞地一头倒在床上，还要担心第二天如何应付所有这一切的重演。
他们记得的不是最后失败的沉重打击，而是那想入非非的憧憬，那瞬间即逝的荣耀，那难以逆料的政治机遇。  \许多本来不该前来竞选总统的人偏偏来了，而其他许多本来应该前来的却偏偏没来。他们的为与不为通常取决于他们无法控制的事态。但是，他们参与竞选与否可能还有别的原因，其中一条就是他们有时还得对夫人言听计从。即使在今天，家庭关系通常十分脆弱，离婚已成家常便饭，如果低估家庭在总统政治中的影响也许还是一种错误。许多具有充分资格和魅力的人不来参加竞选，其原因就是他们把个人生活看得重于事业的追求，不愿意让自己和家人卷入狂暴的政治风浪。

四、长句的翻译
（一）英汉语句的结构差异
The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help (1) in combating the notion (2) that it is undemocratic (3) to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls (4).
费城的一所名牌中学为一些出类拔萃的男女学生开设一套特别课程（4），有人认为这种做法不民主（3），结果校长不得不大声疾呼求助人们（1）同这种观念作斗争（2）。
It was an old woman（1）, tall and shapely still（2）, though withered by time（3）, on whom his eyes fell（4）when he stopped and turned（5）.
他站住，转过身来（5），定睛一看（4），是个年迈妇女（1），个子很高，依然一副好身材（2），虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴（3）。

（二）长句翻译的操作方法：
1、理顺原句内部关系，理出句中包含的各语义点
The fact that the average Englishman’s home has become his workshop is partly because he is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which, some years ago, he would have hired professional help.
普通英国人的家已经成了自家的工场，一方面是因为他热衷于自己动手干，另一方面是因为出于某种原因，他觉得许多家务活必须自己干，而这些活在几年前他会雇专人来干的。
I wondered （1）how she would feel（2）if she learned that the Negro（3）before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner（4）was habitually a white man（3）.
我心中思衬（1），在一个黑人面前表现得如此有失女士风度（4），倘若得知这个黑人其实是白人时（3），不知她作何感想（2）。

2、将整理出的各语义点按汉语表达习惯重新排列。
American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades（1）– basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school（2）, although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school（3）.
美国的公立学校和私立学校都是由12个年级组成的（1），基本上是8年小学加4年中学（2），虽然7、8两个年级或7、8、9三个年级有可能都在初级中学里就读（3）。
It would take me an entire book to list（1）all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people（2）, but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends（3）– usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved（4）.
我毕生认识了许多人，他们一生中大部分时间都是单身（2），但在朋友群中却无可非议地是个核心人物（3）。他们经常帮人解决问题，广受尊敬，广受爱戴（4）。要把这些人的姓名一一列出的话，恐怕要写一本书（1）。
Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown（1）, the new technological unemployment（2）may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century（3）.
新技术出现带来的失业问题（2），尽管起初被全球性经济衰退所引起的失业现象所掩盖（1），但有可能成为20世纪末社会经济的重大难题（3）。
He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,（1）where he had spent his vacation（2）basking in the sun（3）after the completion of the construction job（4）he had been engaged in in the South（5）.
他本来在南方从事一项建筑工程（5），任务完成之后（4），他就上佐治亚去度假（2），享受着阳光（3），前天才坐飞机回来（1）。
When the “energy crisis” first came in 1973 - 1974（1）, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area（2）where deer spend the winter（3） in northern Minnesota（2）, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed（4）, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted（5）.
1973－1974年间第一次出现“能源危机”的时候（1），我正和家人住在明尼苏达北部一处鹿群过冬的边缘地带。我们住在一个小屋里（2）（3），观察鹿的生活习性，观察它们如何随着冬季来临从夏秋的活动频繁变得少动的（4），而到春暖雪融时，它们的活动又是如何增加起来的（5）。

3、依照重新排列的语义点顺序用汉语逐点表达
Now there is in America a curious combination（1）of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living（2）and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one’s own hands（3）.
现在美国有一个奇怪的现象：人们一方面为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪，另一方面又对能够亲自动手做事而由衷地感到高兴。
One of the most heartwarming aspects（1）of people who are born with a facial disfigurement（2）, whether minor or major（3）, is the number of them（1） who do not allow it to upset their lives（4）, even reaching out to help others with the same problem（5）.
有些人生来面部就有残缺（2），残缺有大有小（3），但令人欣慰的是这些人中很多人（1）并没有因此而生活得不愉快（4），相反，他们倒去主动帮助其他有同样问题的人（5）。
Students in these state schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition（1）, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones（2）, particularly for students who are residents of the state（3）.
但是，这些州立学校的学生以及私立学院的学生都须缴纳学费（1），不过州立学校的学费比私立学校的学费便宜得多（2），对常住本州的学生来说尤为便宜（3）。
From the corner of my eye, I saw Phil, pale, slack-jawed, eyes wide with amazement and adoration combined. We listened to Jenny finish the sonnet, which was in its way a kind of prayer. 
我从眼角里瞅见菲尔，他脸色苍白，半张着嘴，眼睛瞪得大大的，又是惊讶又是崇敬。我们听着詹尼念完诗，那简直就是一篇极有特色的祈祷词。
They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness.
他们走进餐厅去吃饭。美酒加佳肴。喝着酒，吃着菜，气氛顿时起了变化。不仅没有恶言相向，言语间还十分投机。

三、被动语态的译法：
（一）译成汉语主动句：
1、原文有动作执行者或其他相关成分可作译文主语时，被动句可译成主动句
What is little understood by the outside world is that this is a failure legislated for. It is a failure which has been carefully designed.
外界很少有人知道，这种无法做到的情况是立法造成的，是经过精心策划的。
American prisoners are permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels.
允许美国俘虏领取红十字会的食品包裹。
When (it is) seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.
用望远镜看，太阳接近边缘的部分显得略暗。
One must admit that a good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics.
必须承认，这些统计数字反映了许多不满情绪。
A surprising amount of one’s time as a student or professional is spent reporting the results of one’s research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients.
学生或职业人士花费大量时间撰写报告，以向老师、经理或客户讲述研究项目的成果。

2、原文动词的汉语对应动词兼有及物和不及物用法时，被动句可译作主动句
The old woman’s body was found at the end of the alley.
老妇人的尸体在小巷尽头发现了。
In the move most of the furniture was left to the neighbors or distributed among friends.
搬家时大部分家具要么留给了邻居，要么分给了朋友。

3. 运用词性转译法技巧，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
Rather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender.
对于各项计划的评估，不要看其令人们高兴的程度，使人们满意的程度，而要看其引起的不满情绪属于什么性质。

4. 转换成其他表达方式，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.
由于打破了权力的高度集中，经济获得了自由。
These brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers for executing the orders.
这些经纪人按买家和卖家的嘱咐进行交易，从中收取佣金。
Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible.
有些人误认为人们喜欢积蓄精力，喜欢休息，喜欢尽可能褒扬自己。

5. 重新组织原文的语句结构，将英语被动语态译作汉语主动语态
When the ideas of a scientist are expressed in simple mathematical form, new relationships and new channels of investigation often suggest themselves.
科学家在用简单的数学形式表达概念时，研究工作常常会表现出新的关系和新的途径。
A ten percent reduction in auto accidents has been realized by exercising a tighter control on the highway  speed limit.
由于加强了公路车速限制，车祸事故减少了一成。
The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors.
在管道中流动的液体，其性能受到多种因素的影响。

（二）译成汉语被动句：
1、借助“被（…）＋ 动词”、“给（…）＋ 动词”或“由（以）…＋ 动词”的结构
His passport was confiscated by the police.
他的护照被警方没收了。
Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.
我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves.
黑人最初是被当作奴隶从非洲贩运到美国的。
The dishes were all removed before I had finished eating.
我还没有吃完盘子就都给收掉了。
The teacher was sacked for slapping a schoolboy.
那位教师因为打了一名男生耳光给解雇了。
The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.
这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制。
Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings.
我们的未来世界是由人类一点一滴地、一分一秒地创造出来的。
Members of Congress, the President, state officials, and those who govern counties and cities, are elected by popular vote. Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials.
国会议员、总统、州政府官员以及县长、市长均由民众投票选举。联邦政府各部部长由总统任命，法官由人民直接选举，或由当选官员任命。
2、借助“为…所 ＋ 动词”或“是…（所）＋ 动词 ＋ 的”的结构
The late 1960’s was a period of revolt against traditional values. Parents’ ideas were scorned by their children, who accused them of being too concerned with money.
20世纪60年代后期是对传统观念造反的年代。父母的想法为孩子们所不齿；孩子们指责他们过于看重金钱。
These very elements and compounds are needed to continue life, and nature is fairly efficient in recycling them.
这些元素和化合物正是生命延续所需要的，而大自然能够相当有效地将其循环利用。
Each transaction is carried out in public, and the information sent electronically to every brokerage office of the nation.
每笔交易都是公开进行的，并通过电子设备把交易资料发往全国各地的每一家经纪人事务所。
3、借助“得到…＋ 名词”、“受（遭）到…＋ 名词”或“予（加）以…＋ 名词”的结构
This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth’s surface is curved.
只有假设地球表明呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。
People are also troubled because of the participative mood that exists today. This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part of contemporary life.
人们受到困扰的另一个原因是当今存在的参与情绪。这种积极参与现象在现代生活中到处可见。
The area will have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting.
这一地区一定要加以保护，不允许过于频繁、过于集中或过于随便地参观访问。

二、分句法和合句法：
（一）分句法：
He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labours.
×他访问了许多地方，到处受到对他的艰苦努力所一贯表示的热情欢迎。
他访问了许多地方，到处受到热情的欢迎。他的艰苦努力是一贯受到热请欢迎的。
Eventually, more as a last hope than with any real confidence in a result, a sub-committee was formed to try to reconcile differences between them.
×最后，对其结果并无真正信心，只是抱有最后一点希望，成立了一个小组委员会，试图调解他们之间的分歧。
最后成立了一个小组委员会试图调解他们之间的分歧。这只是最后一点希望，对其结果如何并非真有信心。
Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and shelter for us in an advanced age, and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.
知识是人到老年时舒适而又必需的精神归宿。如果年轻时不种下知识之树，老年时就得不到树荫的遮蔽。
He has long been held in cordial contempt by his colleagues; now that contempt was no longer cordial.
长期以来，他的同僚们虽然看不起他，却还是对他有些亲切感；现在，除了看不起之外，亲切感已没有了。
The society dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense.
该协会否定现代关于地球形状的公认看法，认为都是一派胡言。

（二）合句法：
Towards evening, the attack of the French slackened in its fury. They had other foes besides the British to engage, or were preparing for a final onset.
将近傍晚，法军的攻势逐渐松懈，或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人，或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。
The remembrance rankles still in the bosoms of millions of the countrymen. They pant for an opportunity of revenging that humiliation.
千百万同胞们至今回想起此事依然觉得懊丧，恨不得有机会赶快报仇雪耻。
The coup d’etat of Thermidor was staged on July 27, 1704. Robespierre and his supporters were overthrown and the Committee of Public Safety was ended.
1794年7月27日的热月政变推翻了罗伯斯庇尔及其支持者，公安委员会也随之倒台。

We should help in ways which are mutually beneficial to both developing and developed countries.
×我们应以对发展中国家和发达国家双方都有利的方法援助。
我们的援助方法应对发展中国家和发达国家双方都有利。

一、词性转译法：
（一）转译成动词：
For Westerners in China, the establishment of an effective team of managers means attracting — and retaining both expatriate and local management talent.
对于在中国的西方人来说，建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。
1、名词转译成动词：
The remembrance of these will add zest to his life.
×对于这些事情的回想将会增添他生活的乐趣。
回想起这些事情，使他的生活增添了乐趣。
He looked on the Convention as a fair and faithful representation of the people.
×他认为这次大会是人民的公正忠实的代表。
他认为这次大会公正忠实地代表了人民。
Other governmental activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitutions and laws.
×其他政府活动则是各个州的责任，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
其他政府职能则由各个州来承担，各州都有自己的宪法和法律。
The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，我感到特别神往。
To my knowledge, some computers have gone missing.
据我所知，有几台计算机失踪了。
He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.
×他是个好听众，所以他们喜欢同他谈话。
他善于听取别人意见，所以他们喜欢同他谈心。
2、介词、副词转译成动词：
With a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.
那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵。
They worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.
他们吃的是简陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的窑洞，在昏暗的灯光下长时间地工作。
The street runs westward, across a great bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
这条大街向西而去，跨过一座大桥，延伸下坡后又上坡，经过了几家店铺和肉市，又越过了几幢平房，最后在一片开阔的绿草坪前突然到了尽头。
Training as a salesperson would guarantee her some employment once her schooling was through.
参加推销员培训就会确保他在学业完成以后能找到工作做。
3、形容词转译成动词：
He must have been aware that his parents’ marriage was breaking up.
他一定已经知道父母的婚姻关系正在破裂。
Our computerized stock control system is now operative.
本公司的库存管理计算机系统现已运行。
His indulgent mother was willing to let him do anything he wanted.
他母亲很宠他，他不管想干什么她都愿意让他干。

（二）转译成名词：
1、名词派生的动词
In Greek mythology, love is personified by the goddess Aphrodite.
在希腊神话中，阿佛洛狄特女神是爱的化身。
Bright colours and bold strokes characterize his early paintings.
他早期绘画的特点是色彩鲜明，笔法粗犷。
They are already planning to staff the management in the event the joint venture is formed.
他们已经在打算合资企业一旦建成后经理部门的人事安排。
2、形容词
He felt responsible for her death.
他觉得她的死他有责任。
Lack of trust is very destructive in a relationship.
缺乏信任对人际关系的危害很大。

（三）转译成形容词：
Diligence and intelligence are of considerable importance to your success.
勤奋和才智对于获得成功是颇为重要的。
I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.
我有很多工作要做，今年休假是不可能的了。
It’s such a nuisance that I’ve got to work on Saturday.
我星期六还得上班，真讨厌。
As he was a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.
他对这座城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
There’s no point arguing about it — just do as you’re told.
争论是没有意义的，叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

（四）其它词性转译：
The dominant factor in the growth of the company in question throughout the years has been its success in maintaining technical superiority in product design and manufacturing techniques.
该公司多年来发展壮大的主要因素是一贯成功地保持了产品设计和制造工艺上的技术优势。
This time-lag is difficult to explain, but there are three possible reasons.
这种时滞现象很难解释，但可能有三个原因。
People would benefit greatly from a pollution-free vehicle.
无污染车辆会给人们带来很大的好处。

巩固知识练习：
1.The government left its policy open to various interpretations.
2.To see his likeness perpetuated in marble is to me today a sad but pleasing sensation.
3.I suppose he will be awfully proud, and that I shall be treated most contemptuously. Still I must bear my hard lot as well as I can.
4.The longest life and the shortest amount to the same. For the present is of equal duration for all, and what we lose is not ours.
5.Many Londoners believe that the city needs to have all its transport requirements looked at together to ensure that the entire transport system works as a single, efficient unit.
6.Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-manufacture it, and this made it available to the ordinary man.
7.The Labour government says that the private sector should take most, but not all, of the responsibility for public transport. In London, the underground railway system — known as the “Tube” — is likely to be where this policy is first put into practice.
8.It’s raining, again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread. It’s raining, again.

参考译文：

1.政府听任人们对其政策作各种解释。
2.今天看到了他永垂不朽的大理石雕像，我悲喜交集。
3.我猜他准是傲气十足，不把我放在眼里。尽管如此，我也只好尽量逆来顺受了。
4.最长寿和最短暂的人生是相同的，因为目前这段时间对所有人来说都一样长，时间一旦失去就不再属于我们。
5.许多伦敦人认为，伦敦需要对全部交通需求作通盘考虑，从而确保整个交通系统成为一个统一高效的运行机构。
6.汽车不是亨利·福特发明的，但他却是大批量生产汽车的第一人，从而使普通老百姓能够拥有汽车。
7.工党政府说，私营企业应承担起公共交通的大部分业务，而不是全部业务。这项政策可能首先在当地人称作“Tube”的伦敦地铁系统付诸实施。
8.天，又下雨了。我躺在床上睡不着，听着雨点劈里啪啦地打着路面，思绪万千，恍恍惚惚地走进了幽暗的通道，脑际浮现出许多痛苦的往事，心里一阵冰凉，不由得毛骨悚然。天，又下雨了。