}   No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.

}  Avoid:

  在口语中经常有这样的用法，avoid sb 躲着某某人
For the past couple days, people have been avoiding me and giving me these really strange looks.

   在过去几天大家都躲着我，看我的表情怪怪的。

}  In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.

}  a close study of human nature :

   human nature 人的本质
Such is human nature,(lesson 4)

   这就是人的本性
While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature… (lesson 49)

}  Classified:
classify /categorize

   归类（动词），这俩可作为同义词
classified / confidential
机密，像国家机密这种程度，叫做 classified（直接作为形容词时）confidential，也是机密，保守秘密的意思，但它的程度不像 classified 那么深。如，银行客户的资料是不会给人透露，职员会告诉你客户的资料是 confidential 的。注意这两种程度的差别。

}  Weakness:
flaw

    前者是指弱点；后者是缺点

}  Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples, but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.

}  Free:
Buy one, get one free.
 买一送一

}  Competition：
competition / contest

   competition 泛指竞争；contest 尤指抢答问答，像综艺节目的那种竞赛。

}  During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay $10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous.

}  Once:
I had a crush on a teacher once, and it was so hard.
crush 短暂的爱恋，眷恋；你忽然有一段时间，特别爱恋一个人，这种就叫做 crush。
I had a dream once about a fax machine.

   我有一次做了一个梦，是关于 fax machine 的。

}  Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed.

}  Before long: 和所谓的long before… 没可比性
before long: shortly/in the near future

   不久，可以自己单独运用，相当于一个副词；可以用后面的解释去理解它的意思。
long before… : long 是副词， Before可为连词，介词
不要拿before long 和long before 对比，他们没有可比性；就像问“一公斤”= “几尺”，毫无意义！

but no one was willing to work there long. (lesson 30)

    这里的 long 是副词

his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died. (lesson31)
在他死的时候很久以前，他的个性已经很传奇了；要是这里把long 去掉，意思就是，在他死之前，他的个性已经很传奇了。意思是有点不一样的。

    long before the final catastrophe.（lesson 49）

    这里的before 是介词，就是说在这个 final catastrophe 来临很久之前；long 在这里的词性就相当于下面的just
just before her departure
就在她要离开的时候

　ｌｏｎｇ　ｂｅｆｏｒｅ它俩根本就不是一个结构，根本就不应该放在一起说。

}  The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $24,000.

}  Flour:
wheat flour: all-purpose /cake/bread flour
corn flour
rice flour

　这几种是超市里面常见的面粉。wheat flour 有上述的几种，你要买的话，就买“all purpose”便可，它是指多功能的，要做什么样的都适用。

}  One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.

}  Reminder
remainder
residual         deduct
sum               add
product         multiply
quotient        divide

reminder 提醒物，你看到一样东西，可能会想起一个人或一件事，那么这样东西就是 reminder; 和它长得比较像的一个词是 remainder，发音也比较像。这个词的意思是剩余，剩余物，它的同义词是residual。那么这里四个箭头的右边分别是数学上的减，加，乘，除四个动作; 箭头左边的分别是这四个动作的结果：差，和，乘积和商。

}  Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.

}  Replacement:
 replace 替换；它的同义词是 substitute
Substitute good
(Ford trucks vs Toyota trucks )

  complement good          
(printer vs cartridge)

   substitute good 和complement good 是商科上的专业用语。这里的例子： Ford trucks vs Toyota trucks 福特和 Toyota 的车，这两种商品的质量是可以替代的，就是说你不买福特的可以买Toyata 的，反过来也一样；其中一种的销量上去了，那么另一种就会下来，因为市场是一定的；另一个是 printer vs cartridge  打印机和墨盒。打印机如果卖得好，墨盒的销量也会多；它们的关系是成正比的，互补的。

}  The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.

}  the lead
An advantage held by a competitor in a race

   这是 the lead 的英文解释；比赛中其中一个参赛者占优，那么这种占优就是领先 the lead。

}  Follow my lead
follow me
follow my instuctions

   这几个意思差不多。跟着我，跟着我做，跟着我学

}  A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she traveled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the Equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.

}  There be … that …

   要注意这种句式的翻译。这里我给出三个例子，都是这本书里边的。

there was a chance in a million that she might be right.(lesson36)
there was a chance in a million 几率非常小；那么什么的几率非常小？就是这里的 that 后面陈述的内容：she might be right，她是对的（这样的几率非常小）

There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that little the floors.(lesson34)
There is always hope that 什么总是有希望的？就是 that 后面陈述的一大堆东西总是有希望的。

    
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.(lesson25)

    that 后面的内容no doubt 的，不用质疑。

}  Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.

}  Considering …:

  可以直接把它和 consider 联系在一起，后面直接跟句子，翻译成考虑到……然后……；由于……, 鉴于……
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one! (lesson19)

   这只猫对她来说就比较真贵，有点心疼，考虑到她付的数额比较大。
Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable.(lesson51)

}  We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called ‘a skeleton in the cupboard’.

}  seemingly :
From appearances alone,
 从表上来讲，从表面上来看

}  Vivid:

   生动的，活灵活现的
W:You remember her?
M:Yes, vividly!

   W: 你还记得她吗？

   M：当然啦！

}  At some dramatic moment in the story, the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader’s hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.

}  Reputation:

    名声
How did I get this reputation as a loser?
我怎么落了一个loser 的名声呢？那么这，as 后面可以自己用别的词套用。

}  Ruin:
You ruined everyone‘s fun!
 本来大家都挺高兴，让你给搞砸了！
You ruined my whole life!
 你毁掉了我的所有！

}  Heroine:

   在本课的意思是指小说中的女主人公，这个词比较少见。现在的电影颁奖的男主角是——
actor in a leading role
actress supporting role

    女配角

}  It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction. To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very proud of the fact.

}  Skeleton:

   骷髅，骨头的框架，相当于 outline
skeleton/outline
outline/synopsis
course outline/synopsis

   course outline, 在国外上课的时候经常会用到的。你每选一门课，教授会给你一个course outline，上面写着作业占多少分，考试占多少分，最后的期末考试占多少分；还有什么时候上课等，整个课程的计划；这就是course outline，也可以用synopsis。

}  George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spend an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.

}  House →           

}  apartment →

   在国外租房子主要有这样的两种。house 和 apartment, house 不一定都是别墅，它主要是别墅的款式；apartment 公寓，商品房。

}   He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang one of the tow suits I had brought with me in the cupboard.

}  Unpack:/pack
load/unload
install/uninstall
 这几个是相对应的反义词
installation

    安装；install 的名词形式
Installment payment plan

    分期付款计划
first installment, second installment, pay by installments
   第一期付款         第二期付款           分开付款

}  Underclothes:
Underclothes / underwear / bottom

    都可以表达内裤的意思
e.g.: I‘m not wearing any bottoms.

    我下面什么都没穿。这句话指的是没穿内裤，因为有bottom这个词。
trousers / pants
裤子，口语里边常用的是pants，而不是 trousers。

    pants off

    把裤子脱掉；off 表脱落，那么这两个词在一起又是一句话。

}  I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified. A skeleton was dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George.

}  Impression: 
With all of these typos in this resume, you are not going to make a very good impression.

   你的简历打印错误那么多，很难给人留下好印象。
You have a very impressive resume, I especially like what I see here about implementing a new filing system.
Impressive, 形容词，给人留下很深印象的；

   你的简历给我的印象很深，特别是这个关于怎样弄一个filing system的，给我留下印象比较深。

}  This was worse than “a terrible secret’; this was a real skeleton! But George was unsympathetic. ‘Oh, that,’ he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. ‘That’s Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once upon a time.‘

}  Pathetic:
pathetic →sympathetic →unsympathetic
可悲的        同情的      没有同情心的

}  So I’ll be just as pathetic as you guys.

}  Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people. The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop.

}  … , For advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. (lesson 26)

Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that… (lesson 45)

   exert 施加。本课是指施加一种比较怪的 fascination; 26课和45课都是指施加一种影响。

}  There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.

}  Rare – rarity
scarce – scarcity
 这两组词左边是形容词，右边是名词

}  Assorted /miscellaneous
各式各样的，什锦;跟它意思比较相近的是 miscellaneous，这个词我在听中国人说话时很少说到，但是我不止一次的听到老外说这个词。

}  junk mail

   垃圾邮件。还可以用下面的词表示——
spam ( Specially Processed Assorted Meat )

    spam 这个词本事括号里的这个解释，是一种比较多，比较便宜的罐头；后来也不知道怎么延伸的，大家用它来表达垃圾邮件。还有一种表达方式——
Unsolicited e-mail

   solicited 祈求的，向别人要的；那么我没要的，你非要给我，就是一种unsolicited 的邮件，即是垃圾邮件。

}  No one discovers a rarity by chance. A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable as the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.

}  See

   see 在口语中有一种很好的用法，就是男女在在一起，用see
It has been 3 years, and he’s probably seeing someone else now.

   已经三年了，他现在可能跟别人在一起了。
I can’t believe we have to stop seeing each other.

   我真的接受不了我们不能在一起。

}  My old friend, Frank Halliday, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere $50. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor. The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open.

}  Such:
this is such an incredible opportunity for me.
对我来说真是这么好的机会。
she’s been such a big part of my life.

   对我来说，她曾经是我生命中这么重要的一部分。

}  The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box an suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the bottom of the packing case. As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth $50.

}  Apart :
Apart from/together with (adv)
在这种组合里，apart 和together 都是副词；也可以做形容词。Apart 和 together 是一对反义词，但是很多人对apart 都陌生，他的词性和 together 是一样的。
we‘ve been together. Then apart. Then together, then apart.(adj)
我们在一起，然后有分开，又在一起然后又分开。
You’re an amazing/horrible woman, and the time
we spent apart/together was unbearable.

   你真的是一个很好的女人，我们分开的那段日子我真很难受。

    那么把这两个词换一下，就成了：你真是一个坏女人，跟你在一起的日子我真的无法忍受。

}  Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth hundreds of thousands of pounds.

}  It‘s worth a try/Worth a shot
值得一试
It’s no big deal, it‘s not even worth mentioning.
没什么大不了，什么不值得一提
You were worth the wait, and I don’t just mean tonight.

   比如说你在等女朋友，如果她来晚了，你可以说这样的一句话；意思是：你值得我等待，而且不止是今天晚上，你一直都值得我等待。

}  People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy. You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive.

}  Illogical:
illogical/irrational
不合逻辑的/不合推理的；两个词意思非常相近

}  Instance:
give me a ‘for instance’.

   说话的时候一个插入语，意思是给我一个例子。

}  On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat — the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.

}  On the other hand:
on one hand…on the other hand

   这里一个是one 和 the other对应；另一个是要注意“the”的发音。都知道在元音前面 the的发音是[ð], 其实在口语中，什么时候都可以这样发音。
Well, you know Mike. Everything is in one ear and out the other.
你知道迈克的，他什么时候都是一个耳朵进，一个耳朵出。

}  The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods  表语从句

   这是一个标语从句。is 后面的是表语，如果这个表语是一个句子，那么它就是表语从句。所有的从句都是非常简单的，关键是你能不能领会从句的这种精神，即是从句的陈述语序，然后把疑问词提到前面就行了。

}  No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him.

}  Count:
Count me in!

   算我一份
Does it count?
这样算数吗
Countless/numerous
数不完的，指数目计较多。跟它比较相似的是 numerous

}  Associate:
association → American Immigration Lawyers Association

   association:协会；北美移民律师协会
associate css with html 

   把 html 和 css 联系在一起，有这样几种形式：
(embedded, imported, linked)
   嵌入      导入    用链接把他们联系在一起

}  Where:
My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised.
where 在这里引导的是一个从句,Robert住在一个country 里边，where…在这里进一步补充说明这个 country 怎么样。那么他住的这个地方大家都不喜欢（snails）。
prisoner dilemma
I know it’s famous, but which part is the part where there is a dilemma.

   有一次我上经济学的课，叫做 strategetic thinking 战略思考，其实讲的是博弈论。这门课很难，讲的是那些像纳什，均衡，囚徒困境之类的。老师讲到囚徒困境，我就问了以上这句话，意思是：我知道囚徒困境很出名，但是哪一个部分有一个困境呢。老师说，“That’s a good question.”老外有时对你的问题不能即是回答时，通常说这样的一句话，以留点时间自己思考。 

}  The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert.

}  The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. (41)
 appealed to 在41课也出现过，这种重复出现的，你可以自己去找它的规律

}  Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag
分词伴随

}  Impulse:
a sudden desire

   这是impulse 的英文解释，指忽然间心血来潮，突然的欲望。

}  Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then.

}  The main dish:
What’s your favorite dish?
你最喜欢的菜是什么？ dish 这个词可以做菜肴来讲。

}  To our dismay:

   让我们觉得惊奇的… 后面可以接着讲，“让我们觉得讶异的是…”那么我们可以自己去套用这样的句子——
to my amusement

   让我觉得可笑的…
to our surprise
让我们觉得surprise…